Heat flow from Cajon Pass, fault strength, and tectonic implications. Structure and metamorphism of the Haast Schist and Torlesse Zones between the Alpine Fault and the D'urville Valley, South Nelson . Frictional heating, fluid pressure, and the resistance to fault motion. Otago, New Zealand Metamorphism is defined as follows: The mineralogical and structural adjustment of solid rocks to physical and chemical conditions that have been imposed at depths below the near surface zones of weathering and diagenesis and which differ from conditions under which the rocks in question originated. Geology ; 39 (11): 1023–1026. The word metamorphic comes from the Greek words meaning “change” and “form.” There are two main factors that can cause the conversion: heat, pressure. On the meaning of peak temperature profiles in inverted metamorphic sequences. Muscovite K-Ar ages of the Sanbagawa schists, Japan and argon depletion during cooling and deformation. It’s the "on-land" boundary of the Pacific and Australian Plates. The obliquely-convergent plate boundary in the South Island of New Zealand: implications for ancient collision zones. The central Alpine Fault exposes rocks that have been deformed in the middle crust as recently as recently as 3 … It forms a transform boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. Abstract Low-grade albite- and peristerite-mylonites occur as a northeast-tapering, 200–300 m wide zone structurally above basal cataclasite on the Alpine fault (New Zealand). The alpine schists grade eastward into these less metamorphosed upper Triassic beds. during diagenesis and metamorphism. Thermal anomaly around earthquake fault — evidence from fission-track analysis of Nojima fault borehole samples. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. Semi-brittle deformation within the Alpine fault zone, New Zealand. Geochronological evidence for ∼ 530–550 Ma juxtaposition of two Proterozoic metamorphic terranes in the Musgrave Ranges, Central Australia. Quantifying magnitudes of shear heating in metamorphic systems. Thanks to the Alpine fault, Dr. Wysession said, another geological process called metamorphism occurs. Thermal and rheological constraints on the earthquake depth distribution in the Charlevoix, Canada, intraplate seismic zone. The Southern Alps have been uplifted on the fault over the last 12 million years in a series of earthquakes. Metamorphism can be caused by burial, … QUESTION 1 - Do the rocks in this outcrop display foliation? Learn about our remote access options. Evidence for Mesozoic shear along the western Kunlun and Altyn‐Tagh fault, northern Tibet (China). This uplift has exposed the Haast schists, which were metamorphosed from the adjacent Torlesse graywackes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. Thermochronological investigation of fault zones. Transform Boundary – Alpine Fault, South Island, New Zealand. Geophysics, Biological Low-grade albite- and peristerite-mylonites occur as a northeast-tapering, 200–300 m wide zone structurally above basal cataclasite on the Alpine fault (New Zealand). Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Application of Fission-Track Thermochronology to Understand Fault Zones. Frictional-viscous flow, seismicity and the geology of weak faults: a review and future directions. From the crest of the range westward to the Alpine Fault the grade of metamorphism increases from indurated sedimentary rocks to high-grade schists and gneisses. In between earthquakes, the Alpine Fault is locked. Tethys–Atlantic interaction along the Iberia–Africa plate boundary: The Betic–Rif orogenic system. The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. good indicators of metamorphic grades and zones of metamorphism. Fission-Track Thermochronology and its Application to Geology. These metamorphic zone boundaries are subparallel to the fault for 350 km along the strike. Otago, New Zealand The interpretation of inverted metamorphic isograds using simple physical calculations. Geophysics, Mathematical Frictional Metamorphism of Coal in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Southern Poland. The Alpine (S 3) foliation in the nonmylonitic part of the Alpine Schist near Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers is near-vertical and strikes ∼040 in contrast to the Alpine Fault, which strikes ∼050 (Fig. Mechanics Problems in Geodynamics Part II. The Alpine Fault is a geological fault that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand's South Island and forms the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. S3 schistosity, L3 lineations and F3 folds are associated with strain in, and adjacent to the Alpine Fault Zone. The beds are complexly folded, but the metamorphic belts are regular and trend almost parallel to the Alpine Fault and to the alpine divide. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. Please check your email address / username and password and try again. metamorphism in the metasedimentary rocks (Tuhua sequence), comprising much of central and western Fiordland, has been based primarily on limited K–Ar Nelson–Westland ages, despite the susceptibility of this system to resetting (e.g. Rb-Sr and K-Ar ages on minerals at temperatures of 300°–400° C from deep wells in the Larderello geothermal field (Italy), Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. FISSION TRACK THERMOCHRONOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF THE RYOKE BELT AND THE MEDIAN TECTONIC LINE, SOUTHWEST JAPAN. Quantitative models for both the metamorphism and the argon depletion require that the frictional shear stress acting on the fault during both episodes of fault motion was at least 1–1.5 kbars. However, the bulk of the uplift, approximately 25 km, took place in the past 10 m.y. Seismic Source Dynamics, Radiation and Stress. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. Shear heating associated with movement along the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. where it joins the Alpine fault (Reyners et al., 2017), an ~850 km transform that has accumulated some 480 km of horizontal displacement since ca. The thermal structure of collisional orogens as a response to accretion, erosion, and radiogenic heating. The continued growth of the Southern Alps is somewhat unique in that these mountains lie where the Pacific and Australian plates collide and simultaneously slide past one another along a large transform fault called the Alpine Fault. in Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES), Journal of Geophysical Research Characterization of Ore-Forming Systems from Geological, Geochemical and Geophysical Studies, Exhumation Associated with Continental Strike-Slip Fault Systems, Crustal Cross Sections from the Western North American Cordillera and Elsewhere: Implications for Tectonic and Petrologic Processes, The Greenland Caledonides: Evolution of the Northeast Margin of Laurentia, Whence the Mountains? index minerals. 8a and b). Cooper (1970, 1972; Cooper and Lovering 1970) studied in detail the metamorphism of an area south of the Haast River and showed that the lamprophyric suite included dykes varying in composition from mica peridotite through lamprophyre to tinguaite, Two metamorphisms (M2 and M3) are identified, M2 being associated with D2 and M3 with D3. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Ductile structures in the greenschist facies rocks of the Alpine Schist that lie in the headwaters of the Whataroa, Callery, and Balfour valleys formed during Mesozoic deformation, similar to those in the Otago Schist to the south. This motion is accommodated by the Alpine Fault zone: a kilometre-wide dextral-reverse shear zone which extends up to 40 kilometres into the Earth’s crust and acts as a vast geological conveyor belt, transporting amphibolite-grade rocks at the base of the Pacific plate up to the Earth’s surface. The rupture will produce one of the biggest earthquakes since European settlement of New Zealand, and it will have a major impact on the lives of many people. Journal of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, Nonlinear Geophysics, Marine Fission track analysis reveals character of collisional tectonics in New Zealand. Fission-track age for a pseudotachylite from the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand. Objects, Solid Surface Bull and Cooper, 1986; Wellman, 1979). During metamorphism the mineral content and texture of the protolith are changed due to changes in the physical and chemical environment of the rock. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our, Fault rock lithologies and architecture of the central Alpine fault, New Zealand, revealed by DFDP-1 drilling, New on-fault evidence for a great earthquake in A.D. 1717, central Alpine fault, New Zealand, Gneiss domes, vertical and horizontal mass transfer, and the initiation of extension in the hot lower-crustal root of a continental arc, Fiordland, New Zealand, Textural changes of graphitic carbon by tectonic and hydrothermal processes in an active plate boundary fault zone, Alpine Fault, New Zealand, Locating the deep extent of the plate boundary along the Alpine Fault zone, New Zealand: Implications for patterns of exhumation in the Southern Alps, Evolution of the middle and lower crust during the transition from contraction to extension in Fiordland, New Zealand, Caledonian metamorphic patterns in Greenland, A stratigraphic unit converted to fault rocks in the Northland Allochthon of New Zealand: Response of a siliceous claystone to obduction, Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern Rhodope massif (Bulgaria): Basement structure and kinematics of syn- to postcollisional extensional deformation, Copyright © 2020 Geological Society of America. The Alpine Fault has a high probability (estimated at 30%) of rupturing in the next 50 years. They form an inverted metamorphic sequence grading eastward into an ∼1-km-wide, amphibolite-facies−derived mylonite zone in the hanging wall. Processes in Geophysics, Atmospheric Search for other works by this author on: You do not currently have access to this article. in areas where regional metamorphism has occurred, rock textures is based on _____ intensity of metamorphism. Four zones of progressive metamorphism are recognized: the Chlorite, Biotite, Almandine, and Oligoclase zones. McGraw-Hill. ago). This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Oceanography, Interplanetary Tectonics and heat sources for granulite metamorphism of supracrustal-bearing terranes. The Alpine schists increase in metamorphic grade from prehnite‐pumpellyite facies 9–12 km from the fault through the chlorite and biotite zones … 20 km from the fault. Fault interaction and stresses along broad oceanic transform zone: Tjörnes Fracture Zone, north Iceland. The Alpine Fault is called a strike slip or transform fault. The most important agents of metamorphism include temperature, pressure, and fluids. Working off-campus? doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G32273.1. Heating during thrust faulting in the rocky mountains: friction or fiction?. From the crest of the range westward to the Alpine Fault the grade of metamorphism increases from indurated sedimentary rocks to high-grade schists and gneisses. This uplift has exposed the Alpine schists, which have been metamorphosed from the adjacent Torlesse graywackes. Fission-track analysis of the Atotsugawa Fault (Hida Metamorphic Belt, central Japan): fault-related thermal anomaly and activation history. Tasman Belt and the Alpine Fault. The Torlesse Composite Terrane has undergone metamorphism and been transformed into Haast Schist. The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (Yunnan, China), Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina. Inquiries into the Evolution of Orogenic Systems: A Volume in Honor of Raymond A. Physics, Astrophysics and Astronomy, Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use. This displacement is compatible with distributed lateral and vertical shear within the mylonite zone since inception of significant convergence on the plate boundary in the late Neogene. Changes produced by surface conditions such as compaction are usually excluded. Processes, Information The Alpine fault of New Zealand is a major continental transform fault which has been uplifted on its southeast side 4–11 km within the last 5 m.y. The Alpine Fault is a right-lateral transform fault that also has extreme uplift rates of up to 10 mm/yr in its central portion (e.g. Metamorphism, mineralogical and structural adjustments of solid rocks to physical and chemical conditions differing from those under which the rocks originally formed. In the Fiordlands, a type of jade called greenstone is made. 25 Ma (Sutherland and Norris, 1995). Adopting a friction model for the fault and applying the known geological history of motion of the Alpine fault, we show that the metamorphism resulted from frictional heating during the 360-km right lateral slip on the Alpine fault during the Mesozoic (Rangitata) period of fault motion (140-80 m.y. Field relations show that the source of heat that produced the argon depletion aureole was the fault itself. rocks formed in metamorphism along fault zones. This fault has ruptured four times in the past 900 years, each time producing an earthquake of about magnitude 8. In the Southern Alps there is a significant uplift following the Cretaceous Rangitata Orogeny, probably in the order of 11–15 km. and Chemical Oceanography, Physical Temperatures, heat flux, and frictional stress near major thrust faults. Physics, Solar This region has generated great interest among geologists, in part because it is one of only a few places where the surface tectonic record Aronson, 1968). Strain hardening and strength of clay‐rich fault gouges. Thermal Modeling of the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Within the bends region of the Alpine Fault two structural trends have been identified. The supposed irreversible nature of this process has allowed the degree of graphite crystallinity to be calibrated as an indicator of the peak temperatures reached during progressive metamorphism. South Island, New Zealand, and transverse ranges, California: A seismotectonic comparison. On the Relationship between Deformation and Metamorphism, with Special Reference to the Behavior of Basic Rocks. A comparison between the tectonic stress measured in situ and stress parameters from induced seismicity at Monticello Reservoir, South Carolina. Small Bodies, Solar Systems The Alpine fault of New Zealand is a major continental transform fault which has been uplifted on its southeast side 4–11 km within the last 5 m.y. From Turner (1981) Metamorphic Petrology: Mineralogical, Field, and Tectonic Aspects. Some constraints on levels of shear stress in the crust from observations and theory. Cooling history of the northern Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica. Learn more. Shear heating and the state of stress on faults. Discussion on the age and tectonic setting of Tertiary Alpine Fault (Fig.1). Low-grade albite- and peristerite-mylonites occur as a northeast-tapering, 200–300 m wide zone structurally above basal cataclasite on the Alpine fault (New Zealand). Mylonite is a metamorphic rock formed by ductile deformation during intense shearing encountered during folding and faulting, a process termed cataclastic or dynamic metamorphism. when meteoroid strikes earths surface. Thermal anomaly around the Nojima Fault as detected by fission-track analysis of Ogura 500 m borehole samples. Bull and Cooper, 1986; Wellman, 1979). ; Harper and Landis 1967). lamprophyre dyke swarms, Alpine Fault structure and activity, Mantle petrology, and Ross Orogen, Antarctica The thermal structure and thermal evolution of the continental lithosphere. As mountains are built along tectonic plates, preexisting rocks affected by temperature or pressure can create entirely new kinds of rocks. The Alpine Fault is a geological fault, specifically a right-lateral strike-slip fault, that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand’s South Island. impact metamorphism. Four zones of progressive metamorphism are recognized: the Chlorite, Biotite, Almandine, and Oligoclase zones. The Alpine fault of New Zealand is a major continental transform fault which was uplifted on its southeast side 4 to 11 km within the last 5 m.y. The type of rock that a metamorphic rock usedto be, prior to metamorphism, is called the protolith. The wordmetamorphism comes from ancient Greek words for "change" (meta) and "form" (morph). Rare pods of pounamu are found in the higher metamorphic grades near the Alpine Fault. Permeability and strength of San Andreas Fault gouge under high pressure. Adopting a friction model for the fault and applying the known geological history of motion of the Alpine fault, we show that the metamorphism resulted from frictional heating during the 360‐km right lateral slip on the Alpine fault during the Mesozoic (Rangitata) period of fault motion (140–80 m.y. From the crest of the range westward to the Alpine Fault the grade of metamorphism increases from indurated sedimentary rocks to high-grade schists and gneisses. The central Alpine Fault exposes rocks that have been deformed in the middle crust as recently as recently as 3 … Do Great Earthquakes Occur on the Alpine Fault in Central South Island, New Zealand?. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, Approximate rupture dates are 1717AD, 1620 AD, 1450 AD, and 1100 AD. Get PDF (12 MB) Abstract. By the use of field criteria this zone of decreasing metamorphism has been divided into five metamorphic belts. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Apatite and zircon fission-track dating from the Hirabayashi-NIED borehole, Nojima Fault, Japan: Evidence for anomalous heating in fracture zones. The K‐Ar and Rb‐Sr ages of the schists increase with distance from the fault: from 4 m.y. 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